Predicted Growth Of Through-thickness Stress Corrosion Cracks In Anhydrous Ammonia Nurse Tanks 

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Hoover Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA

Adv. Mater. Lett., 2015, 6 (9), pp 783-789

DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2015.5838

Publication Date (Web): Sep 06, 2015

Copyright © IAAM-VBRI Press

E-mail: russell@iastate.edu

Abstract

Anhydrous ammonia is a toxic material that is transported from distribution centers to farm fields in steel pressure vessels called nurse tanks. Numerous accidents have occurred in which nurse tanks failed and ammonia was released, often with explosive force. The majority of such accidents are caused by stress corrosion cracking of the tank steel. Stress corrosion cracking is caused by the combination of stress in the tank's steel and the corrosive effect of ammonia. Neutron diffraction analysis was used to map the residual stress state in and near circumferential welds from two used anhydrous ammonia nurse tanks, one manufactured in 1966 and the other manufactured in 1986. Notched SA455 steel test specimens were held under tensile load (stress concentration factors of 40 to 80 MPa·√m) while immersed in NH3 for seven months to generate crack propagation rate data. The results from these measurements were then used to predict stress corrosion crack growth rates for various pre-existing crack sizes at various temperatures. These data may be useful for estimating safe service lifetimes of nurse tanks that contain cracks.

Keywords

Hazardous material, stress corrosion cracking, welds, pressure-vessel failures, crack growth.