Cover page describe the Typical fracture surface of nuclear graphite blocks after irradiation (cracks occur during reactor operation). This picture Summarize the Fractographic studies of GR-280 nuclear graphite after irradiation up to neutron fluence above the turnaround dose (with a decrease in of the mechanical properties to the values close to the initial one after primary radiation-induced increase) showed along with the presence of transcrystalline fracture, appearance of intercrystalline fracture regions along the “filler-binder” type boundaries.
Design of FES based muscle stimulator device using EMG and insole force resistive sensors for foot drop patients
Muhammad A. Khan*, Saad Abdullah, Mauro Serpelloni, Emilio Sardini
Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Adv. Mater. Lett., 2018, 9 (11), pp 776-780
DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2018.2170
Publication Date (Web): Jul 24, 2018
Copyright © 2019 VBRI Press
E-mail: m.khan004@unibs.it
In the presented research, design of functional electrical stimulation (FES) based muscle stimulator device has been described which is used to correct and enhance the gait activity of foot drop patients. The device mainly comprises of FES unit for electrical pulse generation, an electromyography (EMG) sensor V3 for feedback system and insole force-sensitive resistive sensors (FSR) to control ON/OFF timing of device. The device controls the ankle flexion without excessive eversion or inversion of foot (i.e. balanced flexion) by stimulation of common peroneal nerve and tibialis anterior muscle (TA). The efficiency of device is assessed by evaluating gait temporal and spatial parameters (TSP’s) and 3-dimensional gait kinematics (ankle flexion) of footdrop patients by “Peak Motus Motion Measurement System”. It has been found that use of FES stimulator increases the walking speed by 19%, cadence by 7%, step length by 11% and stride length by 15.5%. In addition, it is also observed that stride time, stance time, step time, single support time and double support time is decreased by 5%, 17%, 22%, 15% and 18% respectively. Moreover, kinematics analysis of foot shows that the device prevented the footdrop up to 30° by controlling the ankle flexion and extension magnitude. Thus, the obtained results suggest that the proposed FES based stimulator device provides enough stimulation to peroneal nerve required for stable gait activity of footdrop patients.
Foot drop, functional electrical stimulation (FES), muscle stimulator device, force-sensitive resistive sensors (FSR), gait temporal and spatial parameters (TSP&rsquo,s), 3-dimensional gait kinematics, tibialis anterior muscle, peroneal nerve.
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